5/18/2023 0 Comments Cuts marked![]() Until now, most research has been conducted evaluating experimental and non-altered cut marks, in order to obtain a better control of the studied variables. Geometric Morphometrics (GMMs) is a useful tool for the experimental characterization of different taphonomic modifications on bone surfaces, including anthropogenic cut marks. 3900–3300 bc) through the end of the Bronze Age ( c. These data are used to calculate the frequency of use and relative importance of stone and metal implements over time in the central Balkans, from the introduction of metallurgy during the Late Neolithic ( c. Prehistoric data from the central Balkans of southeast Europe are presented to illustrate the utility of the procedure. Quantifying the distribution of metal versus stone tool types over time and space provides insight into the processes underlying the introduction and diffusion of a functional metallurgical technology for subsistence activities. The type of tool used to produce such cut-marks on bone can be identified by taking silicone moulds of slicing cut-marks and analysing them in a scanning electron microscope. The author conducted experiments to establish the relationship between the edge characteristics of metal and stone tools that create slicing cut-marks and the marks they produce when applied to bone. 4.This paper presents an analytical procedure for identifying and mapping the introduction and spread of metallurgy to regions based upon the relative frequency of metal versus stone tool slicing cut-marks in butchered animal bone assemblages. if a cut which is more than 25mm or 10% of the section width (whichever is the greater), is opened with a blunt instrument and cords can be felt but not seen, this would be a deficiency (make sure it is the cords that you feel and not a foreign object)Ĭuts which are deep enough to reach the cords or ply but are less than 25mm or 10% of the section width (whichever is the greater), and have not damaged or exposed the cords or ply do not breach the legal requirements for tyres.any exposed ply or cord that can be seen (irrespective of the size of the cut) when you fold back the rubber or open a cut with a blunt instrument (so you do not cause further damage), would also be a deficiency.any ply or cord that can be seen without touching the tyre would be an MOT (annual test) fail or prohibition action at a roadside inspection.Use this criteria when you assess a cut in a tyre: Sections of tread must not be partially separated from the tyre.Īny sidewall bulges must not be spongy or easy to depress. Where damage or cuts are larger than 25mm or 10% of the section width (whichever is the greater), the cords must not be detectable on examination with a blunt probe. This applies to any type or size of wear or damage condition, examined with or without the use of a blunt probe. tyre age code 3307 fitted to HGV front-steered axle.minor cracking in grooves, but with no cords exposed.minor crazing (fine cracks) on the sidewall, but with no cords exposed.bulge in sidewall is easy to depress (spongy).tyre tread cut to create a rubber flap exposing cords.a cut less than 25mm to the tread area and less than 10% of the section width, with no cords damaged or exposed.minor features such as sipes (small slots that are cut or moulded into the tread surface), small extensions to the circumferential grooves and minor lateral grooving on shouldersĢ.2 Irregular tread wear, more than 1mm tread depth over more than three-quarters of the tread area.grooves which wear out before the main grooves are worn.These things are excluded from the term ‘original tread pattern’: the tread pattern of the tyre when it was new (for any other tyre).the manufacturers’ recut tread pattern on the part that has been recut, and the tread pattern of the tyre when it was new on the other part (for partially recut tyres).the manufacturers’ recut tread pattern (for wholly recut tyres).the tread pattern immediately after the tyre was retreaded (for retreaded tyres).‘Breadth of tread’ means the part of the tyre in contact with the road, under normal use and measured across the tyre. The base of any groove of the original tread pattern must be visible on the remaining one-quarter of the tread. Minimum tread depth 1mm (vehicle over 3,500kg gross vehicle weight) over a continuous band covering at least any three-quarters of the breadth of the tread around the entire circumference. flat spot, less than 1mm tread across three-quarters of the tyre tread, and exposed cords in the tread area.irregular tread wear, less than 1mm tread depth over less than three-quarters of the tread area.irregular tread wear, more than 1mm tread depth over more than three-quarters of the tread area.
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